This article traces the history of international migration in Europe since the seventeenth century articulating the connections between historical migrations in Europe and the Europeanness in practice, if not in self-identity, of its mobile inhabitants. The volume of migration has fluctuated dramatically since the seventeenth century; some migrants have stayed at destination among almost every group, but their welcome has been diminished by war, political change, and economic downturns. History has three lessons to offer: it shows that cities are the most certain, but not the only, sites of integration; it demonstrates that current configurations of migration and constructions of immigrants can change significantly; and it reveals great diversity in the migrant experience.